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What Is Epilepsy?

Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures — episodes of abnormal electrical activity in almost any part of the brain. The symptoms of a seizure can mimic any form of human behavior, depending on which part(s) of the brain are affected. Generally, the term epilepsy (or seizure disorder) refers to relatively stereotyped attacks of involuntary behavior. The exact symptoms and severity may vary, and the seizures may occur infrequently or in rapid succession.

While every case of epilepsy is distinct, a standardized classification scheme has been developed to describe seizures. The attacks are divided into two main types:

• generalized (involving the entire brain)
• partial (originating in one area of the brain).

Within these categories, seizures are further identified according to the pattern of the attack. The two most common forms of seizure are both of the generalized type:

• absence (petit mal) seizures
• tonic/clonic (grand mal) seizures.

Among the partial types are "simple" seizures (without impairment of consciousness), such as motor or Jacksonian seizures, and "complex" seizures (with impairment of consciousness), such as temporal lobe seizures.

The first signs of epilepsy are usually seen in childhood or adolescence. Approximately one in 11 Americans will have a seizure during their lifetime, but only 1% of the population develops recurrent seizures, or epilepsy.

In most instances, the cause of epilepsy is unknown.

Sometimes, however, there may be a genetic cause. Other cases may be traceable to birth trauma, lead poisoning, brain infection during fetal development, head injury, alcohol or drug addiction, or the effects of organ disease. In someone with epilepsy, triggers for the attacks also vary widely. Among the factors that can bring on attacks are certain chemicals or foods, sleep deprivation, stress, flashing lights, menstruation, some prescription and over-the-counter medications, and possibly oral contraceptives.

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