Health Topics A-Z

What Is Menopause?

Menopause simply means the end of menstruation. As a woman ages, there is a gradual decline in the function of her ovaries and the production of estrogen. Around the time a woman turns 40, this process speeds up — what's known as perimenopause.

Women typically menstruate for the last time at about 50 years of age. A few do so as early as 40, and a very small percentage as late as 60. Women who smoke go through menopause a few years earlier than nonsmokers. Most women notice some menstrual changes — such as shortening of cycle length (periods occurring closer together), skipped menstrual periods and occasional heavy periods — up to a few years before menstruation ceases.

There is great variation in experience of menopause among women.

About 75% of women have hot flashes. Nighttime hot flashes are more common and may result in chronic sleep deprivation. Mood changes aren't as well understood, but some women report an obvious change in mood. In addition, women may experience vaginal dryness, painful intercourse, and urinary symptoms. These symptoms are temporary and will pass as your body adjusts. Hormone replacement therapy will help relieve the symptoms in the meantime.

However, menopause does cause long-lasting changes — increasing the risk of osteoporosis (thinning of the bones) and heart disease. It is important to talk with your doctor about measures to decrease these risks.